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6. Heimann, P. M. and McGuire, J. E., "Newtonian Forces and Lockean Powers: Concepts of Matter in Eighteenth-Century Thought." Historical Studies in Physical Sciences Vol. 3 (1971).

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9. Cohen, I.B. Franklin and Newton, an Inquiry into Speculative Newtonian Experimental Science. Philadelphia, 1956.

10. Thackery, Arnold. Atoms and Powers: An Essay on Newtonian Matter Theory and the Development of Chemistry, Cambridge, 1970. Selections: Chapters 1 and 2.

2. Dalton, John. "On Chemical Syntheisis" from A New System of Chemistry, (Manchester 1808). In David Knight, ed. Classical Scientific Papers: Chemistry, N.Y., American Elsevier, 1968.

3. Berzelius, Jacob  "On the cause of Chemical Proportions" (1814) in Ibid.

4. Davy, Sir Humphry. Presidential Address (1839) in Ibid.

5.Faraday, Michael. "A speculation touching Electric Conduction and the Nature of Matter" (1844) in Ibid.

6. Babbage, Charles. "On the Great Law which regulates Matter" (1837) in Ibid.

7. Maxwell, James Clarck. "Atom" (1875) in Ibid.

2. T. Schwann, "Microscopical Researches," in M. Gabriel, S. Fogel, (eds.) Great Experiments in Biology. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, 1955.

3. Kant, Critique of Teleological Judgment, translated, with an introd., notes, and analytical index, by James Creed Meredith. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1928. Sections 61- 68, 71-83.

2. Gillispie, C.G. The Edge of Objectivity. Princeton, 1960. Selections: chapters VII & VIII.

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2.  "Introduction" to Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology, 1st edition reprint, University of Chicago Press 1990. Vol. 1

3. Rachel Lauden, From Mineralogy to Geology, Chicago, 1987.

4. Stephen I. Gould, Time's arrow, time's cycle : myth and metaphor in the discovery of geological time , Harvard University Press, 1987.

2. Adam Sedgwick, Presidential Address, Proceedings of the Geological Society of London 1831;

3. Charles L yell, Principles of Geology , 1st edition reprint, University of Chicago Press 1990.  Vol 1, Chapters 1 and 5; Vo1. 2, Chapters 1-5.

2. David Kohn, ed., The Darwinian Heritage, Princeton, 1985.

2. Lorenz, K. (1937). Ubër der Begriff der Instinckthandlung. Folia Biotheoretica, 2, 17-50. Translated as The Nature of Instinct in C. H. Schiller (Ed.), Instinctive Behavior: The development of a modern concept (pp. 129-175). New York: International Universities Press, 1957.

3. Lehrman, D. S. (1953). Critique of Konrad Lorenz's theory of instinctivebehaviour. Quarterly Review of Biology, 28 (4), 337-363. Abridged reprint in  S. Oyama & P. E. Griffiths & R. D. Gray (Eds.), Cycles of Contingency: Developmental Systems and Evolution (pp. 25-39). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001.

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2.DeVries, Hugo. The Mutation Theory; experiments and observations on the origin of species in the vegetable kingdom. Open Court publishing company 1909.

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4. Johanssen W. 1911 American Naturalist. The Genotype conception of heredity. in JStore.

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4. Joule, J.P. "Some remarks on heat, and the constitution of elastic fluids". Phil. Mag. Series 4, Vol 14 (1857), pp. 211-216.
 

2. Einstein, Albert. "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" (1905) and "Does the Inertia of a Body Depend on its Energy Content" (1905). In Einstein, The Principle of Relativity. Dover 1952 (originally 1923).

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2. Whittaker, Edmund. A history of the theories of aether and electricity. New York : Humanities Press, 1973.

2. Einstein, A. "On a Heuristic Point of View About the Creation and Conversion of Light". In D. ter Haar, ed. The old Quantum Theory, Pergamon, 1967.

3. Planck, Max. A Survey of Physical Theory. Dover 1925.