1. Put the following
numbers into scientific notation:
23.56 (2.356 X 101)
4,634 (4.634 X 103)
0.000235 (2.35 X 10-4)
1, 012, 456 (1.012456 X 106)
0.0000002 (2 X 10-7)
2. 40 cc = 0.04
liters
5 inches = 12.5 cm
3.63mm = 3630 um
3. Put these measurements
in correct order, from shortest to longest:
3 cm - 3 2 inches - 4
2 nm - 1 56 angstroms
- 2
4. Of the following solutions,
which would you give intravenously to a dehydrated patient?
Why?
100 % water 0.5 - 0.9%
NaCl 10 % dextrose
0.5 - 0.9% NaCl
- an isotonic solution won’t damage blood cells or tissues, and a slightly
hypotonic solution
will drive water into tissues, which is where you want it to go in a
dehydrated patient
5. What is the total
magnification of a microscope using a 45X objective (ocular
magnification = 10X)? 450X
6. How many grams of
NaCl do you need to make:
500 mls of 0.9 % NaCl solution?
(0.9 g/100 mls) X 500 mls = 4.5 g
250 mls of 300 mosm NaCl solution? (MW NaCl = 58.44 g)
(58.44 g/ 1 M x 1L) x 0.15 M x 0.25 L = 2.19 g
500 mls of 250 mM NaCl solution?
(58.44 g/ 1 M x 1 L) x 0.25 M x 0.5 L = 7.3 g
7. How many grams of
KCl do you need to make:
1.5 liters of 150 mosm KCl? (MW KCl = 74.55 g)
(74.55 g/ 1 M x 1 L) x 0.75 M x 1.5 L = 83.87 g
8. How many grams of
dextrose do you need to make 22 mls of 15 % dextrose solution?
(15 g/ 100 mls) x 22 mls = 3.3 g
9. What is the osmolarity
of body fluids? This value of osmolarity is roughly equivalent to
what % concentration of NaCl? 290-300 mosm; 0.9% NaCl
10. Use the table below
to answer the following questions:
A. Is bag 1 hypotonic, isotonic or hypertonic to the fluid in the beaker?
B.
Why does the rate of weight gain/loss decrease as the experiment progresses?
Process of osmosis is reaching equilibrium
C.
Which bag is isotonic to the fluid in the beaker? Bag 2
11. If you put
10% NaCl solution on red blood cells, what happens to the cells? Why?
They shrink - cells are hypotonic to the 10% NaCl solution, so water
moves from the
cells into the solution
12. Which of the following
bones are part of the axial skeleton, and which are part of the
appendicular skeleton?
Hyoid-Ax
rib-Ax sacrum-Ax ischium-App
mandible-Ax tibia-App
13. What bone or bones
make up the following structures:
bony part of nose: nasal, ethmoid, vomer, maxilla
wall of the orbits: lacrimal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxilla, frontal, zygomatic, palatine
temples: temporal, parietal, sphenoid, frontal
cheek bones: zygomatic, temporal
jaw: mandible only
forehead: frontal
14. Fill in the
following table:
Cranial Nerves(see h/o for more
details)
Number
Name Function
Foramen
How to Assess Function
(S,M, B)
1
olfactory S
cribiform plate
smell
2
optic
S
optic foramen
visual tests
3
oculomotor M
superior orbital
pupils, eyelids, most eye
fissure
movements
4
trochlear M
superior orbital
lateral eye movement
fissure
5
trigeminal B
superior orbital
mastication; touch to nose,
fissure; foramen
mouth, eyes, around eyes
rotundum and ovale
6
abducens M
superior orbital fissure
lateral eye movement
7
facial
B
internal acoustic meatus taste; facial
stylomastoid foramen expression
8
auditory
S
internal acoustic meatus hearing, balance
(vestibulocochlear)
9
glossopharyngeal B
jugular foramen
swallowing, phonation
taste, touch in pharynx
10
vagus
B
jugular foramen
swallowing, phonation
sensation, motor to viscera
11
spinal accessory M
jugular foramen
shoulder muscles
12
hypoglossal
M
hypoglossal canal
tongue movements
15. Fill in the table below:
Sensory Systems
Sense Receptor
Cranial nerve/spinal cord
Cortical area/lobe
pathway
vision
rods/cones optic nerve
occipital
hearing
hair cells vestibulocochlear nerve
temporal
balance
hair cells vestibulocochlear nerve
temporal
smell
neurons olfactory nerve
olfactory bulbs
taste
chemoreceptors VI, IX, X
end of postcentral
gyrus
touch
Meissners dorsal columns
postcentral
gyrus
pressure
Pacinian spinothalamic
postcentral gyrus
temperature
Ruffini, Krause spinothalamic
postcentral gyrus
pain
free nerve endings spinothalamic
postcentral gyrus
16. Name one synergist
and one antagonist muscle for each of the following:
Synergist
Antagonist
Biceps brachii
brachialis
Triceps brachii
Vastus lateralis
rectus femoris
hamstrings
Vastus medialis
and intermedius
Temporalis
masseter
digastric, mylohyoid
external intercostal diaphragm
internal intercostal
gastrocnemius
soleus
tibialis anterior
biceps femoris
other muscles of
quadriceps group
hamstrings
17. Identify the
cranial nerve(s) that might be damaged give the following
symptoms:
A. Weakness of shoulder muscles on right side right
spinal accessory
B. Drooping of eyelid on left side; patient is unable
to move left eye
upward left oculomotor
C. Lack of sensation around lower jaw on right side,
and lack of facial
expression on right side right trigeminal and facial
18. Name a function (or something that is associated with) the following structures:
A. Corpora quadrigemina
visual and auditory reflexes; mesencephalon
B. pineal gland circadian
rhythms; diencephalon
C. dorsal root ganglion
contains cell bodies of sensory neurons in spinal
nerves
D. cranial nerve VIII vestibulocochlear nerve - hearing and balance
E. cochlea organ in
inner ear, lined with hair cells, distinguishes sound
frequencies (hearing)
F. semicircular canals
in 3 dimensions, senses movement of head/body
in the 3 directions - dynamic equilibrium
G. corpus callosum white
fiber tract connecting the 2 cerebral
hemispheres
H. pons large fiber
tract in mesencephalon, contains ascending and
descending pathways
I. cerebellum metencephalon;
controls balance, posture, precision of
movements
J. Broca’s area (also,
where is it?) left frontal lobe - speech
production
K. Wernicke’s area (also,
where is it?) left temporal lobe - speech
comprehension
L. cornea clear extension
of sclera that covers, protects front of eyeball
M. iris pigmented
muscle tissue, expands, contracts depending on light
level
N. pyramids myelencephalon
- fiber tracts (descending corticospinal
tracts)
O. arachnoid granulations
CSF goes from ventricles into venous
circulation through the arachnoid granulations
P. subarachnoid
space under arachnoid mater; where blood vessels are
located, where CSF circulates
Q. cranial nerve
X vagus - sensory and motor to thoracic and abdominal
viscera; swallowing and talking; sensation behind ear