I.    Exercise 15 - Articulations and Body Movements
    A.    Ex 15-1: Fibrous Articulations - synarthroses
            1. Synarthroses - fibrous articulations which make immovable joints

• Sutures - interlocking jagged edges of uniting bone which are held together by fibrous connective tissue (sutural ligaments)

• Syndesmoses - bones are united by bands of dense fibrous connective tissue. They allow very slight movement

e.g. - distal tibia and fibula, interosseous membrane

        2. Synchondrosis - These joints are separated by hyaline cartilage, which
            permits slight bending during early life. More often than not these types of joints
            ossify as time passes.
            e.g. - epiphyseal plates, costal cartilage’s

C.     Ex 15-3: Synovial Jojnts = diarthroses

• basic points - contain synovial membranes which secrete slippery synovial fluid(hyaluronic acid)
• reduces direct bone to bone contact , many synovial joints also have disks of fibrocartilage that help reduce stress on them

3 basic classes

monaxial - movement of a joint in only one plane
biaxial - movement of a joint in two planes
multiaxial - movement of joint in more than two planes.

• Movements - mainly flexion and extension
           e.g. elbow, knee, phalangeal joints

2. Pivot joints - Also monaxial, a rounded process of one bone fits into a shallow depression in another bone and then rotates along its long axis

• Movements - mainly do pronation and supination

e.g. proximal radioulnar joint, atlantoaxial joint.

3. Gliding Joints- are usually multiaxial, the facing bone surfaces are
in most cases flat. Ligaments and tendons prevent most type
movements in these joints
e.g. - sacroiliac, acromioclavicular

4. Ellipsoidal Joints - biaxial joints. An oval depression in one bone
accepts an oval shaped condyle of another bone.

• Movements - mainly flexion-extension and a little adduction-abduction

e.g. - mc and phalanges, carpals and radius/ulna, atlanto-axial joint

• Movements - lateral and anterior posterior
          e.g. carpometacarpal joint of first digit.

• Movements - circumduction
          e.g. - shoulder joint, hip joint, technically sternoclavicular.

• Flexion - bringing two ventral surfaces closer together
• Extension - moving two primary ventral surfaces farther apart.

• Dorsiflexion - bringing the toes toward the shin
• Plantar Flexion - flexion of foot(curling of the toes)

• Abduction - movement of a limb away from the midline(note fingers)
• Adduction - movement of a limb toward the midline

• Rotation - a bone pivots around its long axis
• Pronation - make the palm face posterior in AP

Supination - make the palm face anterior in AP

• Circumduction - the distal end of a bone describes a circle while the proximal end stays stationary.
 
• Inversion - turning sole of foot medially at ankle
• Eversion - turning sole of foot laterally at ankle
 
• Protraction - moving the mandible or clavicle anteriorly in a plane that is parallel with the ground
• Retraction - opposite of protraction.

• The appendicular skeleton consists of the upper and lower extremities and the girdles which attach them to the axial skeleton

• Scapulae 2

acromion process - articulates with clavicle
coracoid process - biceps brachii attachment
glenoid fossa - head of humerus
spine
infraspinous and supraspinous fossae
subscapular fossa - antrior side of scapula

• Clavicles 2

acromial end
sternal end
conoid tubercle - scapular ligaments
deltoid or trapezoid line - scapular ligaments

• Humerus

head
greater and lesser tubercles - attachment for rotator cuff muscles
intertubercular sulcus - tendon of long head of biceps muscle
deltoid tuberosity - attachment site for deltoideus muscle
lateral and medial epicondyles - forearm muscles.
capitulum - articulates with radius
trochlea - articulates with ulna
olecranon fossa - for head of ulna

• Ulna

olecranon process
radial notch
semilunar notch
semilunar notch
styloid process - ligaments of hand

• Radius

head
radial(bicipital) tuberosity
styloid process
articular surface for carpals

• Carpals

Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetral, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitulum, Hamate
To remember the names try
She Look Too Pretty Try To Catch Her

• Metacarpals

look at MC I for saddle joint
look at slight curvature(to distinguish dorsal and ventral sides)

• Phalanges

proximal
middle
distal - flattened

• Os coxa 2

ilium - iliac crest
ischium - look for ischial tuberosity
pubis - makes up pubis symphysis
obturator foramen
acetabulum
anterior superior iliac spine
articular surface with the sacrum

D. 14-3& 14-4: Lower Limb

• Femur

Head/neck
greater and lesser trochanters - hip rotators and thigh flexors
gluteal tuberosity - gluteal muscles
linea aspera - adductor muscles
medial and lateral condyles - knee joint
medial and lateral epicondyles - lower leg muscles

• Tibia

Head - made of medial and lateral condyles
intercondylar eminencies - cruciate ligaments
tibial tuberosity - patellar tendon
medial malleolus - ligaments of ankle
fibular articular surface

• Fibula

Head
lateral malleolus - ligaments of ankle
look for fossa behind lateral malleolus - for determining side

• Tarsals

Talus
Calcaneus - heel
Navicular
Cuboid
Medial, Intermediate and Lateral Cuneiforms

• Metatarsals

5 - sharper edges than metacarpals

• Phalanges

proximal
middle
distal - flattened