Lab #7 - Appendicular Skeleton and Joints

Lab #6 - Appendicular Skeleton and Joints

Lecture Notes

Lab Manual Ch 13 and 14: Pectoral Girdle/Upper Extremities and Pelvic Girdle/Lower Extremities

Identify all structures listed in the syllabus for the appendicular skeleton; also be familiar with any attachment/articulation of that structure, as listed in the syllabus
Use the various foramina and processes on the appendicular bones as landmarks to identify left vs right; also, knowing these processes will help you identify the origins and insertions of muscles that we will cover in a few weeks
Take a few minutes to review the bones/foramina of the skull, structure of vertebrae and sternum/ribs - repetition and practice is the best way to learn anatomical structures

Exercise 14-2: Male vs Female Pelvis

Be able to distinguish between a male and female pelvis; the following characteristics should help you:

subpubic angle - most obvious difference, easiest to spot; in the male pelvis, subpubic angle is < 90° ; in the female pelvis, the subpubic angle is > 90°

ilium of female pelvis is more flared than in male pelvis

pelvic inlet of the male is heart-shaped; the pelvic inlet of the female is oval

the sacrum/coccyx of males points more anteriorly than in the female; the sacrum coccyx of the female points more inferiorly

Lab Manual Ch 15: Articulations and Body Motions

Exercises 15-1, 15-2 and 15-3: Types of Joints

Immovable or Fibrous Joints - 2 bones are united by fibrous connective tissue, have little or no movement

sutures (skull)

syndesmoses (radius/ulna; fibula/tibia) - bones kept in parallel by ligaments

Slightly Moveable or Cartilaginous Joints - 2 bones are united with hyaline or fibrocartilage; some limited movement possible at these joints

synchondroses (ribs/sternum) - ribs attach to sternum via hyaline cartilage

symphyses (pubic symphysis; vertebral disks) - 2 bones united by fibrocartilage

Freely Moveable or Synovial Joints - a joint containing synovial fluid, allowing a large range of motion in the joint; most joints of the body are synovial

articular cartilage - thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the articular surfaces bones, providing a smooth surface where bones meet

synovial membrane - lines the joint capsule, where the 2 bones articulate

synovial fluid - a lubricating film consisting of serum filtrate and secretions from synovial cells, including hyaluronic acid, which gives synovial fluid its slippery consistency

Types of Synovial Joints:

Plane/Gliding Joints - 2 opposed flat surfaces that can glide past each other; joints between vertebrae

Saddle Joints - 2 saddle shaped articular surfaces at right angles to each other; carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

Hinge Joints - a convex cylinder in one bone articulating with a concave surface on the other bone; knee and elbow joints

Pivot Joints - allows only rotation around the joint; joint between the atlas and axis allows you to say "no"

Ball and Socket Joints - the ball (head) of one bone articulates with the socket in an adjacent bone; shoulder and hip joints

Ellipsoid Joints - modified ball and socket joints, with ellipsoid articular surfaces rather than spherical; movement is restricted to a hinge motion, rotation is restricted; the atlas-occipital condyle of skull joint allows you to say "yes"

Body Movements

Flexion/Extension - to bend/straighten a limb; flex/extend forearm

Abduction/Adduction - abduction is movement away from the midline; adduction is movement toward the midline; spreading the fingers apart is abduction, and bringing the fingers together is adduction

Supination/Pronation - refers to movement of the forearm; supination rotates the forearm so that the palm is facing superiorly or anteriorly; pronation rotates the forearm so that the palm is facing inferiorly or posteriorly

Rotation - turning of a structure around its long axis, such as rotation of the head or humerus

Inversion/Eversion - refers to ankle movements; inversion is the turning of the ankle so that the plantar surface of the foot faces medially, toward the opposite foot; eversion is turning of the ankle so that the plantar surface faces laterally

Circumduction - a combination of many other movements; the limb moves to describe a cone shape, with the shoulder or hip joint at the apex

Plantar Flexion - lifting the heel to stand on your toes

Dorsiflexion - bending the foot at the ankle joint - lifting your toes and rocking back on your heels