Urinary and Endocrine Systems
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description |
| Urinary System |
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| Epi/Mus |
3036 |
Transitional epi. |
stratified = urinary epithelium,
note binucleate dome cells |
| Epi/Mus |
5230 |
Kidney entire: m.l.s. |
Suggestion: Start your study of
kidney with renal papilla at apex of medullary (renal)
pyramid and work your way downward and upward. downward: The renal papilla lies in the hilum within a cup-shaped calyx covered by transitional epithelium and leading to ureter (transitional epithelium, lamina propria, submucosa, muscularis, adventitia). upward: Cribriform area: openings of collecting (papillary) ducts into pelvicalyceal space. Follow them upward. Note: rat kidney has only one medullary pyramid as opposed to the multiple lobes of compound (multi-lobed) kidneys (e.g., human kidney) and thus only one (major) calyx (i.e., no minor calyces), no interlobar vessels or renal columns (although cortical material folded around edges or hilum resembles cortical columns). Medulla: collecting ducts (highly cellular with conspicuous intercellular borders); nephric loops (thin portions followed by thick [ascending tubules and descending tubules with brush border]), vasa recta (straight vessels) or arteriolae rectae spuriae (look for red blood cells and smooth muscle surrounding arterioles). Medullary interstitium equilibrated locally with circulating plasma. Corticomedullary junction: arcurate vessels (arching), give rise to radial interlobular vessels. Cortex: cortical (superficial, midcortical with ) and juxtamedullary nephrons (with long thin nephric loops); cortical labyrinth mainly of proximal tubules, plus distal tubules, corpuscle, and medullary rays. Cortical lobule: medullary ray (continuation of collecting (papillary) ducts into cortex) and half cortical labyrinth on either sides containing interlobular (or radial) arteries and veins. Renal tubule (= corpuscle + tubule [proper]): renal corpuscle = glomerular (or Bowman's) corpuscle (podocytes [visceral and parietal layer] + glomerulus (glomerular capillaries), mesangia, vascular pole, uriniferous pole, uriniferous space; renal tubule: proximal convoluted tubule (cells with brush border) and straight (descending or pars recta) tubule, loop of nephron (Henle's [thin portion] of juxtamedullary nephrons), straight (ascending) tubule (cells have raised nuclei), and distal convoluted tubule (and collecting tubule?). Collecting (papillary) ducts (cuboidal cells, distinct intercellular borders) juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus (renin-secreting cells); extraglomerular mesangial cells (lacis cells); macula densa, afferent and efferent arterioles, peritubular capillary plexus. renal interstitium (erythropoietin production), stellate vessels, renal capsule, mesothelium |
| Epi/Mus |
5250 |
bladder distended: c.s. |
stratified = urinary epithelium,
note transitional epithelium, binucleate dome cells |
| Epi/Mus |
8710 |
Monkey bladder: sec |
stratified = urinary epithelium,
note transitional epithelium, binucleate dome cells |
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| Uro/Endocrin |
3785 or 5522, 5532, 5536, |
Ovary: sec |
Ovarian follicles are a rich source
of estrogen, while corpora leutea produce both estrogen and progesterone.
Interstitial cells secrete steroidal hormones, . |
| Uro/Endocrin | 3940 or 5569, 7303, 7306 7342 |
Uterus fetus Mammal: l.s. |
The placenta is a rich source
of HCG, human chorionic somatomammotropin, chorionic thyrotropin and
corticotropin, estrogen and progesterone. |
| Uro/Endocrin | 5541 or 5453, 5454, 5541 |
Spermatogenesis rat testis:
sec |
Interstitial endocrinocytes (Leydig
cells) produce testosterone; sustentacular (Sertoli) cells produce androgen-binding
protein (ABP) |
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Thyroid: capsule and septa (trabeculae);
follicles, colloid, follicular and parafollicular (clear) cells (difficult
to distinguish) Parathyroid: chief or principal cells and oxyphil cells (difficult to distinguish) |
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capsule; cortex: zonas glomerulosa,
fasciculata (spongy cells), reticularis; medulla: neural crest origin;
central veins |
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Adenohypophysis:
anterior lobe (pars distalis sometimes called pars anterior): secondary
capillary plexus (sinusoids) of hypophyseal portal system chromophobes
(isolated cells or small groups); chromphils: acidophils (alpha cells [conspicuous
acidophilic granules in cytoplasm) & basophils (beta cells [lg. vesicular
nuclei]); pars tuberalis (surrounds stalk); pars intermedia
(with colloid-filled cysts lined predominantly with basophils)—sometimes
considered part of posterior lobe. Suggestion: use low power
to identify areas where cells of one or another type predominate; then switch
to higher power to study details. Neurohypophysis: posterior lobe: pars nervosa and neural stalk (infundibulum): unmyelinated axons; pituicytes (glial cells), neurosecretory (Herring) bodies (homogeneous, larger than pituicytes' nuclei) |
| Paracrine |
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| Circ/Hemato |
6628 or 6630 | Thymus human: sec | Epithelial reticular cells release
growth factors: thymic hormone |
| Dig. Sys |
4508, 4526, 4530, 4534 |
Stomach composite: sec duodenum,
jejunum or ileum |
enteroendocrinocytes (known as
amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation [APUD] cells or diffuse neuroendocrine
system [DNES] cells) not distinguished without special stains |