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New medications that provide effective therapy to a broader spectrum of alcoholic individuals would be of value for the treatment of alcohol dependence.  Research findings revealing that drinking and alcohol-seeking behavior are influenced by multiple neurotransmitter systems, neuromodulators, hormones, and intracellular networks provides evidence that there are a number of potential target sites for which new pharmaceuticals may be developed. Potential target sites include neurotransmitter systems related to opioids, serotonin, dopamine, glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), cannabinoids, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, adenosine, neuropeptide systems (for example, neuropeptide Y, corticotrophin releasing factor), signal transduction pathways (such as, protein kinase A and protein kinase C); and gene transcription factors (delta fos B and cAMP response element-binding protein [CREB]).  Indeed, many such agents are under investigation.