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8.Semmelweiss IP: Die Aetiologie, der Begriff und die Prophylaxis des Kindbettfiebers. Pest, Wien und Leipzig: CA Hartleben, 1861

9. Doll R, Hill AB: Smoking and carcinoma of the lung; preliminary report. Br Med J, 1950, 2:739-748; see also Wynder EL, Graham EA: Tobacco smoking as a possible etiologic factor in bronchogenic carcinoma; a study of six hundred and eightyfour proved cases. JAMA 1950, 143:4:329-336. The evidence that tobacco smoking causes cancer and other lethal diseases rapidly mounted. By the 25th anniversary number of the (US) Surgeon General’s annual report in 1989, tens of thousands of papers had been published on the relationship of smoking to lung and other cancers, coronary heart disease, chronic obstructive lung disease, etc.

10.Last JM: Public Health and Human Ecology, 2nd Edition. Stamford, CT: Appleton & Lange, 1998; pp 8-9

11. Ibid, p. 366 and p. 430

12.McKeown T: The Role of Medicine; Dream, Mirage or Nemesis. Princeton NJ: Princeton Univ Press, 1979

13.Last JM (Ed): A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 4rd Edition. New York: Oxford University Press 2001, page 81.

14.Rose G: The Strategy of Preventive Medicine. Oxford: Oxford Medical Publications, 1992