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At the end of the nineteenth century, life
expectancy in Russia was 32 years, compared to 47 years in France and
the United States. By 1938 the
gap had increased: life expectancy was 43 years in Russia, while in
France it had reached 59 years and in the United States over 63 years.
Shkolnikov, V., Mesle, F. and Vallin J.
�Health crisis in Russia: Recent
trends in life expectancy and causes of
death from 1970 to 1993� (Parts
I and II), Population: An English
Selection, Vol. 8, 1996.
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