John D. Norton |
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CV Research Goodies Teaching Lectures Videos |
Distinguished Professor, Department of History and Philosophy of Science University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA 15260 jdnorton@pitt.edu 412 624 5896 |
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Popper's bold attempt to find an account of the rationality of science that did not employ inductive inference was destined to fail from the start, since science is an ineliminably inductive venture. | "The Rise and Fall of Karl Popper's Anti-inductivism," Download. | |
In his treatment of spacetime singularities, Einstein privileged analytic expressions over geometry. Modern relativists do the reverse and thus find Einstein's discussion baffling. | "Einstein against Singularities: Analysis versus Geometry," Philosophy of Physics 2(1): 13, 1–73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31389/ pop.91. Download. | |
A purely thermodynamic argument precludes dissipationless erasure. Gibbs' "- k p log p" entropy formula, properly applied, does not assign an information entropy to pre-erasure states. Suppressing fluctuations remains the principal source of dissipation in molecular scale processes. | "The Simply Uninformed Thermodynamics of Erasure," download draft. | |
Adding a conical singularity to a Minkowski spacetime produces a temporally non-orientable spacetime that is everywhere flat excepting in regions enclosing the singularity. Time travel arises in the sense that a traveler, passing the singularity, is returned to the traveler's past where the traveler encounters the traveler's past self. | "A Simple Minkowskian Time-Travel Spacetime," download draft. | |
Both Wayne Myrvold and I have written pieces, relating to Landauer's principle, in which fluctuations are alluded to in their titles. We explain that the pieces are mutually compatible. | (With Wayne Myrvold) "On Norton’s '...Shook...' and Myrvold’s 'Shakin’ ...' " Philosophy of Physics, Vol. 1, Issue 1, Article 5. 2023. Download. | |
In lotteries and bookmaking, analyzing chance systems globally provides advantages over local, probabilistic analysis. Global thinking also explains how ancient thinkers who had no theory of probability may have found physical randomizers like dice fit for their purposes in gambling, lot drawing and divination. | "Lotteries, Bookmaking and Ancient Randomizers: Local and Global Analyses of Chance," Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 95 (2022), pp. 108–117. Download. | |
A precursors to probability theory was a seventeenth century theory of chance for physical randomizers. It used combinatorics to count chances and derived a serviceable rule for determining which are fair wagers. It lacked an epistemic notion of chance and a precise means to connect chance counts and frequencies; and could not compare chances across different games. | "Chance Combinatorics: The Theory that History Forgot," Perspectives on Science 31 (6), (2023), pp. 771–810. Download. | |
In the material theory of induction, inductive inferences are warranted by domain specific facts. Those facts are in turn supported by further inductive inferences. This volume examines the large-scale structure of the resulting tangle of inductive inferences and relations of inductive support. |
The Large-Scale Structure of Inductive Inference. BSPSopen/University
of Calgary Press, 2024. Download |
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Mousa Mohammadian, William Peden and Elay Shech have each written commentaries on The Material Theory of Induction in a symposium organized by the journal, Metascience. Here is my responses and my thanks to them. | "Author’s response to Mousa Mohammadian, William Peden and Elay Shech," Symposium on The Material Theory of Induction, in Metascience. 31 (2022) pp.317–323. Download. | |
Which are the good inductive inferences or the proper relations of
inductive support? We have sought for millennia to answer by means
of universally applicable formal rules or schema. These efforts have
failed. Background facts, not rules, ultimately determine which are
the good inductive inferences. No formal rule applies universally.
Each is confined to a restricted domain whose background facts there
authorize them. The Material Theory of Induction. Contents: Preface Prolog 1. The Material Theory of Induction Stated and Illustrated 2. What Powers Inductive Inference? 3. Replicability of Experiment 4. Analogy 5. Epistemic Virtues and Epistemic Values: A Skeptical Critique 6. Simplicity as a Surrogate 7. Simplicity in Model Selection 8. Inference to the Best Explanation: The General Account. 9. Inference to the Best Explanation: Examples 10. Why Not Bayes 11. Circularity in the Scoring Rule Vindication of Probabilities 12. No Place to Stand: the Incompleteness of All Calculi of inductive Inference 13. Infinite Lottery Machines 14. Uncountable Problems 15. Indeterministic Physical Systems 16. A Quantum Inductive Logic Epilog |
The Material Theory
of Induction. BSPSOpen/University of Calgary
Press, 2021. Open access. FREE download under a CC-BY-NCND 4.0 Creative Commons license. |
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Infinity and chance are dangerous notions that can lead us to deep puzzlement and baffling paradoxes. Careful examination of them allows us to see past the paradoxes to a clear and controlled understanding of what was once perplexing and unapproachable. | Paradox:
Puzzles of Chance and Infinity is my new on-line book for an introductory level, undergraduate course. |
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Contrary to Hume, science has found many ways in which things connect with other things in the world. Causal metaphysics, however, has failed to add anything factual to the relations discovered by science. It is at best an exercise in labeling that may have practical uses. | "The Metaphysics of Causation: An Empiricist
Critique." pp. 58-94 in in Yafeng Shen, ed., Alternative
Approaches to Causation. Oxford: Oxford University Press,
2024. Download. |
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Bio |
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I was born and grew up in Sydney Australia. I studied chemical
engineering at the University of New South Wales (1971-74) and then
worked for two years as a technologist at the Shell Oil Refinery at
Clyde, Sydney. I then switched fields and began a doctoral program
in the School of History and Philosophy of Science at the University
of New South Wales (1978-1981). My dissertation was on the history
of general relativity. When it was finished, I visited at the Einstein Papers Project (1982-83) when the Papers were located at Princeton University Press with John Stachel as editor. In September 1983, I came to Pittsburgh as a visitor in the Center for Philosophy of Science/visiting faculty member in the Department of History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Pittsburgh. I've been in the Department of HPS ever since. I was promoted to full professor in 1997, served as Chair in 2000-2005 and was promoted to Distinguished Professor in 2014. I served as the Director of the Center for Philosophy of Science, from September 2005 to August 2016. |
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Updated May 2020 and possibly later too. |