2
Setting the Environment

Use this chapter to help you prepare your environment for installing the Oracle8 Server, after you have verified the system meets the requirements described in Chapter 1, "Requirements and Features".

• UNIX Environment Summary
• Tasks to Perform as the root User
• Tasks to Perform as the oracle User
• Setup Tasks for Individual Oracle Products

  Note: If you already have an Oracle Server installed on the machine, go to Chapter 5, "Upgrading and Migrating".

UNIX Environment Summary

Table 2-1 summarizes the environmental requirements for installing the Oracle8 Server. If your system fails to satisfy any listed requirement, perform the tasks listed on page 2-4 to page 2-8 as necessary to set up your environment to meet these requirements.

Table 2-1 UNIX Environment Summary

Environmental Factor	Requirement for Oracle
UNIX Kernel Parameters	SHMMAX 4294967295 Note: This setting does not affect how much shared memory is needed or used by Oracle, or the operating system. It is used only to indicate the maximum allowable size. This setting also does not impact operating system kernel resources. SHMMIN 1 SHMMNI 100 SHMSEG 10 SEMMNS 200 SEMMNI 70 SEMMSL Equal to the value of the PROCESSES initialization parameter.
Mount Points (Storage Devices)	At least four mount points, all at the same level of the directory structure. One is for the software, three are for an OFA-compliant database.
UNIX Groups for Oracle Roles	A UNIX group is required for the OSDBA role, and is usually named dba. The OSOPER role may belong to the same group as the OSDBA, or it may belong to a different group.
UNIX Accounts	A UNIX account dedicated solely to installing and upgrading the Oracle system. The account must be a member of the group used by OSDBA.
Local bin directory	A directory for software shared among Oracle users. The default location for this directory on Solaris 2.x is /opt/bin.
oratab file	Contains information about Oracle instances.
Permissions for File Creation	Set umask to 022.
DISPLAY	Set to the machine name and monitor of the station from which you are connecting to the server machine.
LD_LIBRARY_PATH	Required for Oracle products using shared libraries. Must include $ORACLE_HOME/lib.
ORACLE_BASE	Not required, but recommended as part of an OFA-compliant installation. See page 2-10.
ORACLE_HOME	Set to the directory where the Oracle software will be installed.
ORACLE_SID	Specifies the instance name, or sid of the Oracle Server. Must be unique for Oracle instances running on same machine. Oracle Corporation recommends using four characters or fewer.
ORACLE_TERM	Required by all character mode and Motif mode Oracle products. See Table 2-4 for the range of values.
ORA_NLS33	Required when creating a database with character set other than US7ASCII. Set to $ORACLE_HOME/ocommon/nls/admin/data.
PATH	The search path must include all of the following: $ORACLE_HOME/bin, /bin, /opt/bin, /usr/bin, and /usr/ccs/bin Note: If you require /usr/ucb in your search path, place it after /usr/ccs/bin in the search order.
SRCHOME	Should be undefined when running the Installer. If SRCHOME is set, the Installer defaults to the location it specifies as the source of software to install.
TWO_TASK	Should be undefined when installing the Oracle8 Server (see page 2-12 for explanation).
TMPDIR	A directory with at least 20 MB available space where the oracle account has write permission. The default location on Solaris 2.x is /var/tmp.

Tasks to Perform as the root User

Log in as the root user and perform the following tasks as necessary to set up your environment for the Oracle8 Server:

Configure UNIX Kernel for Oracle

Create Mount Points

Create UNIX Groups for Database Administrators

Create UNIX Account to Own Oracle Software

Create a Local bin Directory

Create the oratab File

Configure UNIX Kernel for Oracle

Configure the UNIX kernel Interprocess Communication (IPC) parameters to accommodate the SGA structure of the Oracle8 Server. You will not be able to start up the database if the system does not have adequate shared memory to accommodate the SGA.

1. Use the ipcs command to obtain a list of the system's current shared memory and semaphore segments, and their identification number and owner.

   Because the shared memory in Solaris 2.x is dynamically loaded, when you run ipcs you may receive a message that the shared memory facility is not in the system. The shared memory driver is loaded after the Oracle8 Server is executed. You can check the /etc/system file to verify that the system has been configured with enough shared memory.

2. Set the kernel parameters corresponding to:
   • maximum size of a shared memory segment (SHMMAX)
   • maximum number of shared memory segments in the system (SHMMNI)
   • maximum number of shared memory segments a user process can
     attach (SHMSEG)
   • maximum amount of shared memory that can be allocated system-wide
     (SHMMNS)

   The total allowable shared memory is determined by the formula:

SHMMAX * SHMSEG

The parameters in Table 2-2 control the allocation of semaphores and shared memory. The recommended values are optimal for one instance and are based on the default initsid.ora file. If you plan to install more than one instance, or to modify the initsid.ora file extensively, set these parameters higher.

Oracle Corporation recommends you set these parameters as high as possible for the operating system; however, setting these parameters too high for the operating system can prevent the machine from booting up. Refer to the operating system documentation for parameter limits.

Table 2-2 Shared Memory and Semaphore Parameters

Parameter	Recommended Value	Description
SHMMAX	4294967295	The maximum size (in bytes) of a single shared memory segment.
SHMMIN	1	The minimum size (in bytes) of a single shared memory segment.
SHMMNI	100	The number of shared memory identifiers.
SHMSEG	10	The maximum number of shared memory segments that can be attached by a process.
SEMMNS	200	The number of semaphores in the system.
SEMMNI	70	The number of semaphore set identifiers in the system. SEMMNI determines the number of semaphore sets that can be created at any one time.
SEMMSL	equal to the value of the PROCESSES initialization parameter	The maximum number of semaphores that can be in one semaphore set. Should be equal to the maximum number of Oracle processes.

Following are lines you would add to the /etc/system file to configure the UNIX kernel with the minimum recommended values:

set shmsys:shminfo_shmmax=4294967295
set shmsys:shminfo_shmmin=1
set shmsys:shminfo_shmmni=100
set shmsys:shminfo_shmseg=10
set semsys:seminfo_semmns=200
set semsys:seminfo_semmni=70

1. Reboot the system if you have modified the kernel, shared memory, or semaphore parameters.

Create Mount Points

The Oracle8 Server requires at least four mount points when creating an OFA-compliant installation: one for the software and at least three for database files.

All software and database mount point names used for Oracle should match the pattern /pm where p is a string constant and m is a fixed-length key to distinguish between mount points. Table 2-3 shows a sample naming scheme.

Table 2-3 Sample Mount Point Naming Scheme

Software Mount Point	Database Mount Points
/u01	/u02
	/u03
	/u04

See Also: Optimal Flexible Architecture is described in detail in Chapter 1 of the Oracle8 Administrator's Reference for Sun SPARC Solaris 2.x.

Create UNIX Groups for Database Administrators

The Installer assigns Oracle DBA and OPERATOR privileges to UNIX groups during Installation. Oracle documentation refers to these UNIX groups as the OSDBA and OSOPER groups. Members of these groups have DBA or OPERATOR privileges on the Oracle system by virtue of their membership in the corresponding UNIX groups. The group(s) you designate for these roles should be created before you start the Installer.

On Solaris 2.x, use the groupadd utility to create a group named dba. You can name the group something other than dba, but the Installer relinks the oracle executable if you do. If you plan to designate a separate group for the OSOPER group, create that group also.

The Installer offers the group you designate as OSDBA as the default choice for the OSOPER group. If you accept the default, there is effectively no OPERATOR role, because its privileges are simply a subset of the DBA privileges already assigned to the group.

Create UNIX Account to Own Oracle Software

The oracle account is the UNIX account that owns the Oracle distribution. You must run the Installer under this account.

On Solaris 2.x, use the operating system administration utility useradd to create an oracle account with the following properties:

Login Name	Can be anything, but this document refers to it as the oracle account.
Default GID	Corresponding to the OSDBA group.
Home Directory	Choose a home directory consistent with other user home directories. The home directory of the oracle account does not have to be the same as the ORACLE_HOME directory.
Login Shell	The default shell can be /bin/sh, /bin/csh, or /bin/ksh, but the examples in this document assume the Bourne shell (/bin/sh).

Note: The oracle account should be used only for installing and maintaining Oracle software. Never use it for purposes unrelated to the Oracle Server. Do not log in as a database user when using the oracle (UNIX) account.

Sites with multiple Oracle servers may install them under the same oracle account, or separate ones. If multiple installations share an oracle account, the DBAs for each installation have access to the other installations. If this presents security problems, install each Oracle system under a different oracle account.

Create a Local bin Directory

Having a common environment for Oracle users greatly simplifies system administration. Part of creating a common environment is creating a local bin directory, outside the ORACLE_HOME directory, for shared software.

1. Create a local bin directory, such as /opt/bin.
2. Verify that this directory is included in each user's PATH, and that the users have execute permissions on the directory.

The Installer places the oraenv (coraenv for the C shell) and dbhome scripts in $ORACLE_HOME/bin. After installation, the root.sh script copies the files to the /opt/bin directory. The Installer cannot place them there directly because you must not run the Installer as the root user.

Copying oraenv (coraenv) and dbhome to the local bin directory ensures they continue to provide a common environment, even if the search path is changed to point to a different ORACLE_HOME directory.

You can also place other software that you want accessible to all users in the local bin directory.

Create the oratab File

Information about Oracle instances is stored in the oratab file. This file is owned by the oracle account, but resides in a directory that requires root privileges when creating the file. Run the cdrom_mount_point/orainst/oratab.sh script to create or set the permissions of the oratab file in the /var/opt/oracle directory.

Tasks to Perform as the oracle User

Log in to the oracle account and perform the following tasks as necessary:

Set Permissions for File Creation

Set Environment Variables

Update the Environment for Current Session

Set Permissions for File Creation

Set umask to 022 to ensure group and other have read and execute permissions, but not write permission, on the files the Installer creates.

1. Enter the umask command to check the current setting.
2. If the umask command does not return 022, set it in the .profile or .login file of the oracle account:

umask 022

Set Environment Variables

Set the following environment variables in the .profile or .login file of the oracle account before starting the Installer. The syntax for setting environment variables is as follows.

For the Bourne shell:

set variable_name=value; export variable_name

For the C shell:

setenv variable_name value  





Note:



You should not define environment variables with names that are identical to those used for Oracle processes, for example: CKPT, PMON, and DBWR.

  






LD_LIBRARY_PATH 

Required when using Oracle products that use shared libraries. Set LD_LIBRARY_PATH to include $ORACLE_HOME/lib, and the directory containing your Motif libraries. The default location for Motif libraries on Solaris 2.x is /usr/openwin/lib or /usr/dt/lib.

Oracle Corporation recommends that you do not include /usr/ucblib in your LD_LIBRARY_PATH. If you require /usr/ucblib in LD_LIBRARY_PATH, make sure it appears after /usr/ccs/lib in the search order.

ORACLE_BASE

Specifies the directory at the top of the Oracle software and administrative file structure. The OFA-recommended value is software_mount_point/app/oracle. For example: /u01/app/oracle.

ORACLE_HOME

Specifies the directory containing the Oracle software for a given Oracle Server release. The OFA-recommended value is $ORACLE_BASE/product/release. For example: /u01/app/oracle/product/8.0.4.

ORACLE_SID

Specifies the Oracle system identifier, or sid, which is the name of the Oracle Server instance. Because the sid is incorporated into many filenames, Oracle Corporation recommends restricting it to no more than four characters, to avoid filename problems on heterogeneous systems.

ORACLE_TERM

Specifies the terminal definition resource file to be used with the Installer and other Oracle products. Table 2-4 lists terminal types and corresponding ORACLE_TERM settings.

Table 2-4 ORACLE_TERM Settings

Terminal Type	ORACLE_TERM Setting
ANSI terminal for SCO	ansi
AT386 console	386
AT386 xterm	386x
UnixWare terminal	386u
Solaris x86 xterm	386s
Data General 200	dgd2
Data General 400	dgd4
IBM High Function Terminal and aixterm (color)	hftc
IBM High Function Terminal and aixterm (monochrome)	hft
hpterm terminal and HP 700/9x terminal	hpterm
IBM 3151 terminal	3151
NCD X terminal with vt220 style terminal	ncd220
cmdtool/shelltool using a Sun type 4 keyboard	sun
cmdtool/shelltool using a Sun type 5 keyboard	sun5
vt100 terminal	vt100
vt220 terminal	vt220
Wyse 50 or 60 terminal	wy50
Wyse 150 terminal	wy150
xterm using a Sun type 4 keyboard	xsun
xterm using a Sun type 5 keyboard	xsun5

ORA_NLS33

Required if creating a database with a storage character set other than US7ASCII. Set ORA_NLS33 to $ORACLE_HOME/ocommon/nls/admin/data before starting the Installer or creating the database.

PATH

Verify that the search path includes all of the following:

• $ORACLE_HOME/bin, /bin, /usr/bin, and /usr/ccs/bin
• the local bin directory you created (see page 2-8)

  Note: If you require /usr/ucb in your search path, make sure it comes after /usr/ccs/bin in the search order.

  SRCHOME
  

Should be undefined when running the Installer. If SRCHOME is set, the Installer defaults to the location it specifies as the source of software to install.

TMPDIR

Must specify a directory with at least 20 MB free space, where the Installer has write permission. On Solaris 2.x the default setting is /var/tmp.

TWO_TASK

Should be undefined when installing Server software. If TWO_TASK is defined and you are creating database objects, the Installer attempts to create the objects in the database specified by TWO_TASK.

Update the Environment for Current Session

After setting environment variables in the .profile or .login file of the oracle account, update the environment in the current shell session.

For the Bourne or Korn shell:

$ . .profile

For the C shell:

$ source .login

Setup Tasks for Individual Oracle Products

Perform the steps as necessary for your installation. Tables 1-3 through 1-5 list the products included on this server distribution and identify the tasks required for successful installations.

Server, Cartridges, and Options

Pre-Installation Steps for Oracle Parallel Server Option

When creating an Oracle Parallel Server system, the Installer installs Oracle products on one node, then copies the required set of files for each installed product to the other nodes in the cluster. After a complete installation, all nodes appear identical.

Observe the following file requirements when setting up for an Oracle Parallel Server installation:

Storage Type	Use raw devices for all control files, log files, and database files.
File Sizes	When the Installer prompts you for file sizes, specify at least 8 KB less than the raw device size. When specifying sizes in megabytes, specify 1 MB less than the device size.
	Control file size is determined by the Oracle8 Server. The minimum size is 220 KB. Make sure the raw volumes for control files are at least this size.

Complete the following steps before installing the Parallel Server Option:

Steps to Perform as the root User

1. Make sure you have an OSDBA group defined in the /etc/group file on all nodes of the cluster. The OSDBA group name and number (and OSOPER group if you plan to designate one during installation) must be identical for all nodes of a UNIX cluster accessing a single database. The default UNIX group name for the OSDBA and OSOPER groups is dba.
2. Create an oracle account on each node of the cluster so that:
   • the account is a member of the OSDBA group
   • the account is used only to install and update Oracle software
   • the account has write permissions on remote directories
3. Create a mount point directory on each node to serve as the top of your Oracle software directory structure so that:
   • the name of the mount point on each node is identical to that on the initial node
   • the oracle account has read, write, and execute privileges

     See Also: Recommended naming conventions for Oracle mount points are discussed on page 2-6.

4. Create raw volumes.

   All files associated with an Oracle Parallel Server database must reside on raw volumes so they can be accessed by all nodes in the cluster. Control and data files are shared by all instances. Each instance has its own log files, but all instances must have access to all log files during recovery.

5. Apply the PDB software patch that is provided on the Oracle distribution. To install the patch, follow the directions in the ops_patch directory on your CD-ROM. This patch provides the Oracle Group Membership Service (OGMS) and is required before you attempt to install Oracle Parallel Server.
6. Restart the cluster management software:

# cd /opt/SUNWcluster/bin # pdbadmin startnode cluster_name

For information about cluster management software and the pdbadmin command, see your Sun SPARC Solaris 2.x documentation.

Start the cluster software on each node of the cluster.

Set up user equivalence by adding entries for the other nodes in the cluster to the .rhosts file of the oracle account, or the /etc/hosts.equiv file.

Exit the root account when you are done.

Steps to Perform as the oracle Account

1. Verify that the Distributed Lock Manager (DLM) is running:

$ ps -ef | grep dlmd

If the DLM program does not appear in the process listing, the lock manager is not running and you should repeat step 6 on page 2-14.

Check for user equivalence for the oracle account by performing a remote login (rlogin) to each node in the cluster. If you are prompted for a password, the oracle account has not been given the same attributes on all nodes. The Installer cannot use the rcp command to copy Oracle products to the remote directories without user equivalence.

If you have not set up user equivalence, you must perform Step 7 in the previous section, "Steps to Perform as the root User".

Tools and Precompilers

Complete the tasks for the following tools and precompilers before installing them.

Pre-Installation Steps for JDBC

1. Update the environment variable CLASSPATH with the JDK release level:

   $ORACLE_HOME/jdbc/lib/classes111.zip (or classes102.zip)

2. Add the following to the LD_LIBRARY_PATH:

   $ORACLE_HOME/jdbc/lib 
   

Pre-Installation Steps for the Pro*COBOL Precompiler

1. Verify that the COBOL compiler executable is included in the PATH setting.
2. Set the COBDIR environment variable to the directory where the COBOL compiler is installed.

Pre-Installation Steps for the Pro*C/C++ Precompiler

Verify that the C compiler executable is included in the PATH setting.

Pre-Installation Steps for the Pro*FORTRAN Precompiler

Verify that the FORTRAN compiler executable is included in the PATH setting.

Pre-Installation Steps for the SQL*Module Ada

Verify that the Ada executable is included in the PATH setting, and that the Verdix Ada compiler configuration file has been set up in the /etc/VADS directory.

Pre-Installation Steps for Legato Storage Manager (LSM)

The LSM installation script modifies the following system files during installation:

• /etc/rpc
• /etc/syslog.conf

Make copies of the original versions of these files before you install Legato Storage Manager. For more information, refer to the Legato Storage Manager Administrator's Guide.

Removing an Existing Legato Storage Manager Installation

If you want to install LSM from the Oracle distribution, but it is already on your system, you must first remove the installed version.

1. Become the root user and shut down the LSM daemons.

   # nsr_shutdown
   
   

2. Use the pkgrm command to remove individual Legato Storage Manager packages, or all of the Legato Storage Manager packages at the same time.

   WARNING: Some LSM software packages depend on each other. Remove packages only in the following order: ORCLserv, ORCLnode, ORCLclnt.

   The man pages, drivers, and documentation have no dependencies and can be removed in any order.

   # pkgrm ORCLpackage_name
   
   

   where package_name is one of the following:

   ORCLclnt	NetWorker Client
   ORCLdrvr	NetWorker Device Drivers
   ORCLman	NetWorker Man Pages
   ORCLnode	NetWorker Storage Node
   ORCLserv	NetWorker Server

Networking and System Management Products

Network Manager is no longer provided for configuring your Oracle Network. SQL*Net version 2 configuration files are compatible with Oracle Net8, though some restrictions apply. README files for networking products are under the network/doc directory on the CD-ROM. The files contain detailed information on issues and restrictions for Net8.

Pre-Installation Steps for the Advanced Networking Option (ANO)

If you intend to use any of the supported authentication adapters, use Table 2-5 to verify your system meets the requirements.

Table 2-5 Supported Authentication Adapters and Requirements

Adapter	Requirements
Kerberos	Kerberos release 5.4.2 or higher.
CyberSAFE	CyberSAFE Application Security Toolkit, release 1.0.4 or higher, installed on both Oracle client and server nodes. CyberSAFE Challenger, release 5.2.5 or higher, installed on the node running the authentication server. CyberSAFE Client installed on the Oracle client nodes.
SecurID	ACE/Server release 1.2.4 or higher. or SecurID card from Security Dynamics.
Identix	Oracle Biometrix Authentication Server running on any production-release Oracle database, with fingerprint tables created.
No additional authentication adapter software is required to relink Oracle products. However, Oracle does not provide an authentication server for Kerberos, CyberSAFE, or SecurID. You must install and configure the appropriate authentication server separately.

Installation of ANO on Client-Only Machines

Installing ANO on a client-only machine without a database requires that the TWO_TASK environment variable be set prior to installation. The TWO_TASK variable points to an alias representing the database on a server machine, allowing the user to install ANO in client-only mode.

See Also: Oracle8 Administrator's Guide for more information about the TWO-TASK variable.

Pre-Installation Steps for Oracle Net8

Shut down all SQL*Net and Net8 listeners on the machine before installing Net8.

Pre-Installation Steps for Oracle Names Server

If you want to use a well-known Names Server, create an alias for the machine hostname to oranamesrvr[0-4] in the /etc/hosts file. For example:

128.128.44.123   sun1.eng   oranamesrvr0

You must also create the alias for the well-known Names Server on all server and client machines in the network. (A well-known Names Server is one that uses a default name, such that clients can find it on the network, without being individually configured.)

See Also: Names Servers and well-known Names Servers are discussed in the Oracle Net8 Administrator's Guide.

Pre-Installation Steps for the Oracle Protocol Adapters

Before installing any protocol adapter, verify that the underlying network protocol is functioning and configured properly.

TCP/IP

The TCP/IP Protocol Adapter is installed automatically with all Oracle8 Server installations.

1. Verify that the network is functioning properly by transferring a test file using the ftp utility.

   $ ftp remote_server_name
   

ftp> put test_filenameftp> get test_filename

Pre-Installation Steps for Oracle Security Server

The machine that hosts OSS should be in a physically secure location.

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