Long-term human exposure to aflatoxin increases the risk of liver cancer. This is particularly problematic in areas where hepatitis B is prevalent. Aflatoxins and hepatitis B have a synergistic effect on the development of liver cancer. Chronic aflatoxin exposure in humans also negatively impacts the immune and reproductive systems. Statistically significant correlations of maize consumption and HIV/AIDS  transmission/mortality have been demonstrated. Although the role of aflatoxins have not been clearly elucidated, it is believed the immunosuppressive effects of aflatoxins could impact HIV progression.20

In children, aflatoxins can cause growth failure and delayed development. Stunting and low weight put children at increased risk of death. Maternal aflatoxin exposure during pregnancy has been correlated to decreased growth during the first year of an exposed infant’s life. Breast milk and weaning foods such as maize based porridge, may also contain aflatoxin.17 Aflatoxin M1 is a major carcinogenic metabolite found in the milk of lactating women and animals exposed to Aflatoxin B1.  Additionally, because lipid-based supplements may contain peanuts, it is important that aflatoxin levels in crops be carefully controlled to prevent feeding aflatoxin contaminated supplemental foods to already vulnerable populations.21

No level of aflatoxin exposure is considered safe.