1.These steps are used in hypothesis testing in the health sciences.

2.In the conventional sense, we specify an exposure and outcome of interest, and a hypothesis such as the exposure (e.g. lead paint exposure) being associated with a health outcome (e.g. cognitive difficulties).

3.We often compare the health outcome experience of the exposure groups (e.g. low versus high lead paint exposure). Keep in mind that there can be more than 2 exposure groups compared, such as low, medium, and high exposure.